[1] STEINBERG RL,THOMAS LJ,O'DONNELL MA,et al.sequential intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel for the salvage treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer [J].Bladder Cancer,2015,1(1):65-72.
[2] BABJUK M,BOHLE A,BURGER M,et al.EAU guidelines on non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder:Update 2016 [J].Eur Urol,2017,71(3):447-461.
[3] LENIS AT,LEC PM,CHAMIE K,et al.Bladder cancer:A review [J].Jama,2020,324(19):1980-1991.
[4] CHANG SS,BOORJIAN SA,CHOU R,et al.Diagnosis and treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer:AUA/SUO guideline [J].J Urol,2016,196(4):1021-1029.
[5] LENDINEZ-CANO G,RIVERO-BELENCHON I,MEDINA-LOPEZ RA.Recurrence and progression after BCG[J].Arch Esp Urol,2020,73(10):929-933.
[6] SYLVESTER RJ,VAN DER MEIJDEN AP,WITJES JA,et al.Bacillus calmette-guerin versus chemotherapy for the intravesical treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder:a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials [J].J Urol,2005,174(1):86-91,discussion-2.
[7] RENTSCH CA,BOSSHARD P,MAYOR G,et al.Results of the phase I open label clinical trial SAKK 06/14 assessing safety of intravesical instillation of VPM1002BC,a recombinant mycobacterium Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG),in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and previous failure of conventional BCG therapy [J].Oncoimmunology,2020,9(1):1748981.
[8] MALMSTROM PU,WIJKSTROM H,LUNDHOLM C,et al.5-year followup of a randomized prospective study comparing mitomycin C and bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma.Swedish-Norwegian Bladder Cancer Study Group [J].J Urol,1999,161(4):1124-1127.
[9] STEINBERG G,BAHNSON R,BROSMAN S,et al.Efficacy and safety of valrubicin for the treatment of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory carcinoma in situ of the bladder.The Valrubicin Study Group [J].J Urol,2000,163(3):761-767.
[10] COOKSON MS,CHANG SS,LIHOU C,et al.Use of intravesical valrubicin in clinical practice for treatment of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer,including carcinoma in situ of the bladder [J].Ther Adv Urol,2014,6(5):181-191.
[11] DALBAGNI G,BENFANTE N,SJOBERG DD,et al.Single arm phase I/II study of everolimus and intravesical gemcitabine in patients with primary or secondary carcinoma in situ of the bladder who failed Bacillus Calmette Guerin (NCT01259063) [J].Bladder Cancer,2017,3(2):113-119.
[12] SKINNER EC,GOLDMAN B,SAKR WA,et al.SWOG S0353:Phase II trial of intravesical gemcitabine in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer and recurrence after 2 prior courses of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin [J].J Urol,2013,190(4):1200-1204.
[13] HURLE R,CONTIERI R,CASALE P,et al.Midterm follow-up (3 years) confirms and extends short-term results of intravesical gemcitabine as bladder-preserving treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer after BCG failure [J].Urol Oncol,2020,39(3):195.e7-195.e13.
[14] BARLOW LJ,MCKIERNAN JM,BENSON MC.Long-term survival outcomes with intravesical docetaxel for recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer after previous bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy [J].J Urol,2013,189(3):834-839.
[15] GRADISHAR WJ,TJULANDIN S,DAVIDSON N,et al.Phase III trial of nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel compared with polyethylated castor oil-based paclitaxel in women with breast cancer [J].J Clin Oncol,2005,23(31):7794-7803.
[16] MCKIERNAN JM,HOLDER DD,GHANDOUR RA,et al.Phase II trial of intravesical nanoparticle albumin bound paclitaxel for the treatment of nonmuscle invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder after bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment failure [J].J Urol,2014,192(6):1633-1638.
[17] ROBINS DJ,SUI W,MATULAY JT,et al.Long-term survival outcomes with intravesical nanoparticle albumin-bound paclitaxel for recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer after previous Bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy [J].Urology,2017,103:149-153.
[18] NAZMIFAR M,WILLIAMS C,NASER-TAVAKOLIAN A,et al.Clinical and preclinical therapies for bladder cancer following Bacillus Calmette-Guérin failure [J].The Journal of Urology,2023,209(1):32-48.
[19] VASEKAR M,DEGRAFF D,JOSHI M.Immunotherapy in bladder cancer [J].Curr Mol Pharmacol,2016,9(3):242-251.
[20] STEINBERG RL,NEPPLE KG,VELAER KN,et al.Quadruple immunotherapy of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin,interferon,interleukin-2,and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as salvage therapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer [J].Urol Oncol,2017,35(12):670.e7-e14.
[21] COCKERILL PA,KNOEDLER JJ,FRANK I,et al.Intravesical gemcitabine in combination with mitomycin C as salvage treatment in recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer [J].BJU Int,2016,117(3):456-462.
[22] DECASTRO GJ,SUI W,PAK JS,et al.A phase I trial of intravesical cabazitaxel,gemcitabine and cisplatin for the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bacillus Calmette-Guérin unresponsive or recurrent/relapsing urothelial carcinoma of the bladder [J].J Urol,2020,204(2):247-253.
[23] CHEVURU PT,MCELREE IM,MOTT SL,et al.Long-term follow-up of sequential intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel salvage therapy for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer [J].Urologic Oncology,2023,41(3):148.e1-e7.
[24] PENTICUFF JC,WOOLBRIGHT BL,SIELECKI TM,et al.MIF family proteins in genitourinary cancer:tumorigenic roles and therapeutic potential [J].Nat Rev Urol,2019,16(5):318-328.
[25] TAYLOR JA,KUCHEL GA,HEGDE P,et al.Null mutation for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is associated with less aggressive bladder cancer in mice [J].BMC Cancer,2007,7:135.
[26] CHOUDHARY S,HEGDE P,PRUITT JR,et al.Macrophage migratory inhibitory factor promotes bladder cancer progression via increasing proliferation and angiogenesis [J].Carcinogenesis,2013,34(12):2891-2899.
[27] CHOUDHARY S,PRUITT JR,SIELECKI TM,et al.Abstract 159:Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) enhances proliferation and expression of tumorigenic cytokines in a bladder cancer cell line [J].Cancer Research,2012,72(8 Supplement):159.
[28] WEISS C,WOLZE C,ENGEHAUSEN DG,et al.Radiochemotherapy after transurethral resection for high-risk T1 bladder cancer:an alternative to intravesical therapy or early cystectomy[J].J Clin Oncol,2006,24(15):2318-2324.
[29] FISCHER-VALUCK BW,MICHALSKI JM,CONTRERAS JA,et al.A propensity analysis comparing definitive chemo-radiotherapy for muscle-invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder vs.urothelial carcinoma of the bladder using the National Cancer Database [J].Clin Transl Radiat Oncol,2019,15:38-41.
[30] LERNER SP,BAJORIN DF,DINNEY CP,et al.Summary and recommendations from the national cancer institute's clinical trials planning meeting on novel therapeutics for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer [J].Bladder Cancer,2016,2(2):165-202.
[31] PARDOLL DM.The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy [J].Nat Rev Cancer,2012,12(4):252-264.
[32] SIEFKER-RADTKE AO,APOLO AB,BIVALACQUA TJ,et al.Immunotherapy with checkpoint blockade in the treatment of urothelial carcinoma [J].J Urol,2018,199(5):1129-1142.
[33] WRIGHT KM.FDA approves pembrolizumab for bcg-unresponsive NMIBC [J].Oncology (Williston Park),2020,34(2):44.
[34] ALANEE S,SANA S,EL-ZAWAHRY A,et al.Phase I trial of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin combined with intravenous pembrolizumab in recurrent or persistent high-grade non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer after previous Bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment [J].World Journal of Urology,2021,39(10):3807-3813.
[35] BALAR AV,KULKARNI GS,UCHIO EM,et al.Keynote 057:Phase II trial of Pembrolizumab (pembro) for patients (pts) with high-risk (HR) nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) unresponsive to bacillus calmette-guérin (BCG) [J].Journal of Clinical Oncology,2019,37(7_suppl):350.
[36] BALAR AV,KAMAT AM,KULKARNI GS,et al.Pembrolizumab (pembro) for the treatment of patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) unresponsive,high-risk (HR) non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC):Over two years follow-up of KEYNOTE-057 [J].Journal of Clinical Oncology,2020,38(15_suppl):5041.
[37] INMAN BA,HAHN NM,STRATTON K,et al.A Phase 1b/2 Study of Atezolizumab with or Without Bacille Calmette-Guérin in Patients with High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer [J].European Urology Oncology,2023,6(3):313-320.
[38] HAHN NM,O'DONNELL MA,EFSTATHIOU JA,et al.A phase 1 trial of durvalumab in combination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or external beam radiation therapy in patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer:The Hoosier Cancer Research Network GU16-243 ADAPT-BLADDER Study [J].European Urology,2023,83(6):486-494.
[39] BABJUK M,BURGER M,COMPéRAT EM,et al.European association of urology guidelines on non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (TaT1 and carcinoma in situ)-2019 update [J].Eur Urol,2019,76(5):639-657.
[40] HOU Z,LI Y,HUANG Y,et al.Phytosomes loaded with mitomycin C-soybean phosphatidylcholine complex developed for drug delivery [J].Mol Pharm,2013,10(1):90-101.
[41] MYERS AL,ZHANG YP,KAWEDIA JD,et al.Solubilization and stability of mitomycin C solutions prepared for intravesical administration [J].Drugs RD,2017,17(2):297-304.
[42] VAN VALENBERG FJP,VAN DER HEIJDEN AG,LAMMERS RJM,et al.Intravesical radiofrequency induced hyperthermia enhances mitomycin C accumulation in tumour tissue [J].Int J Hyperthermia,2018,34(7):988-993.
[43] KISS B,SCHNEIDER S,THALMANN GN,et al.Is thermochemotherapy with the Synergo system a viable treatment option in patients with recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer[J].Int J Urol,2015,22(2):158-162.
[44] COENEN J,VAN VALENBERG FJP,ARENDS TJH,et al.Chemohyperthermia using MMC in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer:Current status and future perspectives[J].Arch Esp Urol,2018,71(4):400-408.
[45] ALFRED WITJES J,HENDRICKSEN K,GOFRIT O,et al.Intravesical hyperthermia and mitomycin-C for carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder:experience of the European Synergo working party [J].World J Urol,2009,27(3):319-324.
[46] PIGNOT G,BABOUDJIAN M,LEBACLE C,et al.Efficacy of hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy (HIVEC) in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after BCG failure [J/OL].World Journal of Urology,2023[2023-02-22].https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36811732/.DOI: 10.1007/s00345-023-04332-z.
[47] PIJPERS OM,HENDRICKSEN K,MOSTAFID H,et al.Long-term efficacy of hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle invasive bladder cancer [J].Urologic Oncology,2022,40(2):62.e13-62.e20.
[48] KAMAT AM,COLOMBEL M,SUNDI D,et al.BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer:recommendations from the IBCG [J].Nat Rev Urol,2017,14(4):244-255.
[49] JUVET T,MARI A,LAJKOSZ K,et al.Sequential administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and electromotive drug administration (EMDA) of mitomycin C (MMC) for the treatment of high-grade nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer after BCG failure [J].Urol Oncol,2020,38(11):850.e9-e15.
[50] RAILKAR R,AGARWAL PK.Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of bladder cancer:Past challenges and current innovations [J].Eur Urol Focus,2018,4(4):509-511.
[51] MONRO S,COLON KL,YIN H,et al.Transition metal complexes and photodynamic therapy from a tumor-centered approach:Challenges,opportunities,and highlights from the development of TLD1433 [J].Chem Rev,2019,119(2):797-828.
[52] GRIMBERG DC,SHAH A,INMAN BA.Overview of taris GemRIS,a novel drug delivery system for bladder cancer [J].European Urology Focus,2020,6(4):620-622.
[53] VAN DER HEIJDEN MS,CUTIE C,HAMPRAS S,et al.SunRISe-1:Phase 2b study of TAR-200 plus cetrelimab,TAR-200 alone,or cetrelimab alone in participants with high-risk nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer unresponsive to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin who are ineligible for or decline radical cystectomy [J].Journal of Clinical Oncology,2022,40(6 Suppl):TPS593.
[54] PACKIAM VT,LAMM DL,BAROCAS DA,et al.An open label,single-arm,phase II multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of CG0070 oncolytic vector regimen in patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer:Interim results [J].Urol Oncol,2018,36(10):440-447.
[55] UCHIO EM,LAMM DL,SHORE ND,et al.A phase 3,single-arm study of CG0070 in subjects with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) unresponsive to Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) [J].Cancer Research,82(12 Suppl):CT233.
[56] SHORE ND,BOORJIAN SA,CANTER DJ,et al.Intravesical rAd-IFNα/Syn3 for patients with high-grade,Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-refractory or relapsed non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer:A phase II randomized study [J].J Clin Oncol,2017,35(30):3410-3416.
[57] HASSLER MR,SHARIAT SF,SORIA F.Salvage therapeutic strategies for bacillus Calmette-Guerin failure [J].Curr Opin Urol,2019,29(3):239-246.
[58] LEE A.Nadofaragene firadenovec:First approval [J].Drugs,2023,83(4):353-357.
[59] KOWALSKI M,ENTWISTLE J,CIZEAU J,et al.A Phase I study of an intravesically administered immunotoxin targeting EpCAM for the treatment of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer in BCG refractory and BCG-intolerant patients[J].Drug Des Devel Ther,2010,4:313-320.
[60] ZAHOOR H,MIR MC,BARATA PC,et al.Phase II trial of continuous treatment with sunitinib in patients with high-risk (BCG-refractory) non-muscle invasive bladder cancer [J].Invest New Drugs,2019,37(6):1231-1238.
[61] CHAMIE K,CHANG SS,GONZALGO M,et al.Final clinical results of pivotal trial of IL-15RαFc superagonist N-803 with BCG in BCG-unresponsive CIS and papillary nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC)[J].Clin Oncol,2022,40(6):4058.
[62] WEIR SJ,WOOD R,SCHORNO K,et al.Preclinical pharmacokinetics of fosciclopirox,a novel treatment of urothelial cancers,in rats and dogs [J].J Pharmacol Exp Ther,2019,370(2):148-159.
[63] COOLEY LF,MCLAUGHLIN KA,MEEKS JJ.Genomic and therapeutic landscape of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer [J].Urol Clin North Am,2020,47(1):35-46.
[64] PIETZAK EJ,BAGRODIA A,CHA EK,et al.Next-generation sequencing of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer reveals potential biomarkers and rational therapeutic targets [J].Eur Urol,2017,72(6):952-959.
[65] SEIDL C.Targets for therapy of bladder cancer [J].Semin Nucl Med,2020,50(2):162-170.