[1]UNG H,FERLAY J,SIEGEL RL,et al.Globalcancer statistics 2020:GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries［J］.CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians,2021,71(3)：209-249.
[2]中国医师协会外科医师分会,中华医学会外科学分会胃肠外科学组,中华医学会外科学分会结直肠外科学组,等.中国结直肠癌肝转移诊断和综合治疗指南(2020版)［J］.中国实用外科杂志,2020,41(1):11.
Branch of Surgeons,Chinese Medical Association,Gastrointestinal Surgery Group,Chinese Medical Association,Colorectal Surgery Group,Chinese Medical Association,et al.Chinese guidelines for diagnosis and comprehensive treatment of liver metastasis of colorectal cancer (2020 edition)［J］.Chinese Journal of Applied Surgery,2020,41(1):11.
[3]TIANZHU Q,WENSEN C,PING L,et al.Subsequent anti-VEGF therapy after first-line anti-EGFR therapy improved overall survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer［J］.Onco Targets and Therapy,2018,11:465-471.
[4]STINTZING S,WIRAPATI P,LENZ HJ,et al.Consensus molecular subgroups (CMS)of colorectal cancer (CRC)and first-line efficacy of FOLFIRI plus cetuximab or bevacizumab in the FIRE3 (AIO KRK-0306)trial［J］.Annals of Oncology,2019,30(11):1796-1803.
[5]QIU C,XIE Q,ZHANG D,et al.GM-CSF induces cyclin D1 expression and proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells via PI3K and MAPK signaling［J］.Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry,2014,33(3):784-795.
[6]HONG IS.Stimulatory versus suppressive effects of GM-CSF on tumor progression in multiple cancer types［J］.Exp Mol Med，2016，48(7):e242.
[7]NEBIKER CA,HAN JY,CASTORI ES,et al.GM-CSF production by tumor cells is associated with improved survival in colorectal cancer［J］.Clin Cancer Research，2014,20(12):3094-3106.
[8]OH E,OH JE,HONG JW,et al.Optimized biodegradable polymeric reservoir-mediated local and sustained co-delivery of dendritic cells and oncolytic adenovirus co-expressing IL-12 and GM-CSF for cancer immunotherapy［J］.Journal of Controlled Release,2017，259:115-127.
[9]SAMSON A,WEST E,TURNBULL S,et al.Single intravenous preoperative administration of the oncolytic virus Pexa-Vec to prime anti-tumour immunity［J］.Annals of Oncology,2019,30:v496.
[10]ANDTBACKA RH,COLLICHIO F,HARRINGTON KJ,et al.Final analyses of OPTiM:a randomized phase Ⅲ trial of talimogene laherparepvec versus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in unresectable stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ melanoma［J］.J Immunother Cancer,2019,7(1):145.
[11]EVAN J LIPSON,WILLIAM H SHARFMAN,SHUMING CHEN,et al.Safety and immunologic correlates of Melanoma GVAX,a GM-CSF secreting allogeneic melanoma cell vaccine administered in the adjuvant setting［J］.Journal of Translational Medicine,2015,13(1):214.
[12]FORDE PF,HALL LJ,DE KRUIJF M,et al.Non-viral immune electrogene therapy induces potent antitumour responses and has a curative effect in murine colon adenocarcinoma and melanoma cancer models［J］.Gene Therapy,2015,22(1):29-39.
[13]LAWSON DH,LEE S,ZHAO F,et al.randomized,placebo-controlled,phase Ⅲ trial of yeast-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf)versus peptide vaccination versus gm-csf plus peptide vaccination versus placebo in patients with no evidence of disease after complete surgical resection of locally advanced and/or stage Ⅳ melanoma:a trial of the eastern cooperative oncology group-American college of radiology imaging network cancer research group (E4697)［J］.Journal of Clinical Oncology,2015,33(34):4066-4076.
[14]HODI FS,LEE S,MCDERMOTT DF,et al.Sargramostim plusipilimumab vs ipilimumab alone for treatment of metastatic melanoma:a randomized clinical trial［J］.Jama,2014,312(17):1744-1753.
[15]OOSTERLING SJ,MELS AK,GEIJTENBEEK TBH,et al.Preoperative granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)increases hepatic dendritic cell numbers and clustering with lymphocytes in colorectal cancer patients［J］.Immunobiology,2006,211(6-8):640-649.
[16]VINCENT J,MIGNOT G,CHALMIN F,et al.5-fluorouracil selectively kills tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells resulting in enhanced T cell-dependent antitumor immunity［J］.Cancer Research,2010,70(8):3052-3061.
[17]CORREALE P,CUSI MG,TSANG KY,et al.Chemo-immunotherapy of metastatic colorectal carcinoma with gemcitabine plus FOLFOX 4 followed by subcutaneous granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-2 induces strong immunologic and antitumor activity in metastatic colon cancer patients［J］.Journal of Clinical Oncology Official,2005,23(35):8950.
[18]CORREALE P,BOTTA C,ROTUNDO MS,et al.Gemcitabine,oxaliplatin,levofolinate,5-fluorouracil,granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor,and interleukin-2 (GOLFIG)versus FOLFOX chemotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients:the GOLFIG-2 multicentric open-label randomized phase Ⅲ trial［J］.Journal of Immunotherapy,2014,37(1):26-35.
[19]CARAGLIA M,CORREALE P,GIANNICOLA R,et al.GOLFIG chemo-immunotherapy in metastatic colorectal cancer patients.a critical review on a long-lasting follo［J］.Frontiers in Oncology,2019,9:1102.
[20]CRAIG DJ,NANAVATY NS,DEVANABOYINA M,et al.The abscopal effect of radiation therapy［J］.Future Oncology,2021(5):313-322.
[21]GOLDEN EB,CHHABRA A,CHACHOUA A,et al.Local radiotherapy and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor to generate abscopal responses in patients with metastatic solid tumours:a proof-of-principle trial［J］.The Lancet Oncology,2015,16(7):795-803.
[22]OVERMAN MJ,KOPETZ S,LONARDI S,et al.Nivolumab±ipilimumab treatment (Tx)efficacy,safety,and biomarkers in patients (Pts)with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC)with and without high microsatellite instability (MSI-H):results from the CheckMate-142 study［J］.Annals of Oncology,2016,27(6):149-206.
[23]OVERMAN MJ,MCDERMOTT R,LEACH JL,et al.Nivolumab in patients with metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient or microsatellite instability-high colorectal cancer (CheckMate 142):an open-label,multicentre,phase 2 study［J］.Lancet Oncology,2017,18(9):1182.
[24]GATALICA Z,SNYDER C,MANEY T,et al.Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)and its ligand (PD-L1)in common cancers and their correlation with molecular cancer type［J］.Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention,2014,23(12):2965-2970.
[25]RONG QX,WANG F,GUO ZX,et al.GM-CSF mediates immune evasion via upregulation of PD-L1 expression in extranodal natural killer/T cell lymphoma［J］.Molecular Cancer,2021,20(1):80.
[26]YARCHOAN M,FERGUSON AK,DURHAM JN,et al.A phase Ⅱ study of GVAX colon vaccine with cyclophosphamide and pembrolizumab in patients with mismatch repair-proficient (MMR-p)advanced colorectal cancer［J］.Journal of Clinical Oncology,2019,37(4):563.
[27]DOVEDI S,ADLARD A,LIPOWSKA-BHALLA G.Acquired resistance to fractionated radiotherapy can be overcome by concurrent PD-L1 blockade［J］.Cancer Res,2014,74(19):5458-5468.
[28]KONG Y,ZHAO X,ZOU L,et al.PD-1 inhibitor combined with radiotherapy and GM-CSF as salvage therapy in patients with chemotherapy-refractory metastatic solid tumors［J］.Journal of Clinical Oncology,2020,38(15):e15173.
[29]YARCHOAN M,HUANG C,ZHU Q,et al.A phase 2 study of GVAX colon vaccine with cyclophosphamide and pembrolizumab in patients with mismatch repair proficient advanced colorectal cancer［J］.Cancer Medicine,2019,9(4):1485-1494.
[30]LEMDANI K,MIGNET N,BOUDY V,et,al.Local immunomodulation combined to radiofrequency ablation results in a complete cure of local and distant colorectal carcinoma［J］.Oncoimmunology,2019,8(3):1550342.
[31]DUGGAN MC,JOCHEMS C,DONAHUE RN,et al.A phase Ⅰ study of recombinant (r)vaccinia-CEA(6D)-TRICOM and rFowlpox-CEA(6D)-TRICOM vaccines with GM-CSF and IFN-α-2b in patients with CEA-expressing carcinomas［J］.Cancer Immunol Immunother,2016,65(11):1353-1364.
[32]LI J,BOUTON-VERVILLE H,HOLMES LM,et al.Inhibition or promotion of tumor growth by granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor derived from engineered tumor cells is dose-dependent［J］.Anticancer Research,2004,24(5A):2717.
[33]GUTSCHALK CM,YANAMANDRA AK,LINDE N,et al.GM-CSF enhances tumor invasion by elevated MMP-2,-9,and -26 expression［J］.Cancer Medicine,2013,2(2):117-129.
[34]TRIOZZI PL,ACHBERGER S,ALDRICH W,et al.Differential immunologic and microRNA effects of 2 dosing regimens of recombinant human granulocyte/macrophage colony stimulating factor［J］.Journal of Immunotherapy,2012,35(7):587-594.
[35]MORAND S,DEVANABOYINA M,FUNG C,et al.GM-CSF:anti-cancer immune response and therapeutic application［J］.Journal of Vaccines and Vaccination,2021,19(1):1000442.
[36]LEARY R,GARDNER RB,MOCKBEE C,et al.Boosting abscopal response to radiotherapy with sargramostim:a review of data and ongoing studies［J］.Cureus,2019,11(3):e4276.